Thursday, October 31, 2019

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 60

Assignment Example people are satisfied and contented with what they have at present and the concepts of working hard and acquiring more is no longer a driver to progress. Where as the dynamics of Chinese society is highly progressive and competitive, where individuals wants to have more in less time and they work hard for that. This demanding attitude for more work of china as a nation makes it prime target for investment and hence becomes the economy and growth successful. The second and most important reason for its exponential expansion in future is the improved qualification of its workforce. The rapid increase in the enrolment of students in all types of educational institutions such as 100% enrolment in high school and 50 % in colleges shows that soon in future these educated work forces will replace the former illiterate labour. This transition will take place in almost every sector, therefore substantially increasing the productivity of the

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

The Development and Applications of the Zoom Lens in Cinematography Essay Example for Free

The Development and Applications of the Zoom Lens in Cinematography Essay With the birth of cinema just over a hundred years ago, the progresses made between now and then on the techniques of cinematography have never ceased to amaze audiences. Certainly, many of us could remount moments in our lives when we have felt awed by the movies and satisfied that our money’s worth was redeemed in a flurry of special effects; however, very few of us would be inclined to understand just how much effort was put into designing a very necessary part of any film production: the lens. Not only is a properly designed lens crucial to the quality of picture, but it could also save valuable time and money for the DP and Producer, respectively. This is especially true for the zoom lens, and serves as a main initiator for the constant research that is going into the instrument. Unlike fixed focus lenses, zoom lenses are image-forming optical systems which are capable of producing images of different sizes of an object from any definite distance (Clark, 4) How it achieves this effect is by moving groups of lenses within the system in a carefully coordinated fashion, using the lenses to appropriately bend the light and focus for our viewing purposes. As simple as it may sound, the science of zoom lens design is an extremely complicated subject that involves rigorous mathematical calculations that are beyond the scopes of this term paper. The zoom lens has always been essential and existent all-throughout the history of film and cinematography and it has been used it so many films that can help depict various elements such as character emotion and setting tones. However, in order to provide a general understanding of key aspects in zoom lens design, an attempt will be made to summarize one hundred years of technological advancements. Perhaps the very first hints of a zoom lens may be spotted in an 1834 article from the Proceedings of the Royal Society, by Peter Barlow (Clark, 3). Barlow noticed that by combining a negative lens (bi-concave lens) with a telescope, which contained positive lenses (bi-convex lens), he could vary the magnification of the viewed object in any proportion while never having to lose sight of the object. Although interesting, this was a discovery made only for applications on a visual instrument, and not one which could be used in combination with the photographic camera. In the 1890’s, the development of the varifocal telephoto lenses produced the first camera-associated zoom-like lenses (Kingslake, 4). These lenses used a similar two-lens system when compared to Barlow’s, yet they provided more readily varied focal lengths by utilizing a rack and pinion mechanism to control the distance of separation between the two lenses. Unfortunately, these lenses proved to be extremely cumbersome to operate, a possible attribution to its lack in popularity at that time. Not only was the image quality inadequate due to the focusing limitations of the photographic plate, a large bellows extension was required to compensate for the varying image distance during zooms (Clark, 4) At around the same period in 1902, C. C. Allen took a different approach towards creating a variable-focus lens (Clark, 4). The â€Å"Allen lens†, as it came to be known, utilized a three-lens system that contained an axially movable middle lens and two stationary outer lenses. This system was unlike the telephoto lens in that it did not require a bellows extension as its image distance remained identical for two positions of the middle lens. While there was the presence of focus defects with lens movement beyond these two positions, they were usually tolerable over a narrow range of focal lengths. This narrow focal range inevitably placed great limitations on this system’s zooming capacity. The stage has been set for the two major types of zoom lens that shall remain in constant competition with each other over the next 100 years: Machinally compensated and optically compensated zoom lenses. The telephoto lens could be thought of as the ancestor of all mechanically compensated lenses (Clark, 5). These lenses are heavily dependent on the use of cams to produce an independent, non-linear relationship between the movements of its zoom elements, which in turn achieve the change in power of the lens and maintain the image at some fixed plane (Clark, 12). On the other hand, the Allens lens could be thought to be the originator of all optically compensated lenses (Clark, 5). These lenses maintained a fixed, linear relationship between the movements of its zoom elements, often though means that directly connect the elements together. Like the Allen lens, all optically compensated zoom lens inescapably produces focus defects, resulting in a final image which oscillates around a mean focusing position (Clark, 30). With the above designs nowhere near perfect, subsequent improvements in lens design all worked to improve both the zoom range and the correction of lens aberrations. In 1932, the Bell Howell Cooke â€Å"Varo† zoom lens became the first ever true zoom lens developed for 35mm cinematography (Warmisham and Mitchell 339). The â€Å"Varo† was a mechanically compensated zoom lens which used cams to operate a variable three-element system, and provided a maximum 3:1 zoom (40 to 12 mm); however, the design was flawed in that with an increasing focal length, the aperture would decrease, creating difficulties in maintaining corrections (Clark, 6). It was still too early and too ambitious of a move for mechanically compensated zoom lenses to be wielding three elements at a time, and lens designers soon reverted back to using only two zoom elements at a time (Clark, 26). After a slow start in the 1930’s, optically compensated zoom lenses came zooming back with the announcement of the â€Å"Zoomar† lens in 1946, developed by F. G. Back for Zoomar Incorporated (Clark, 8). This lens, made for motion-picture cameras, was in improved optically compensated zoom lens that had five positive-component optical elements, the second and fourth being coupled to move together axially. This arrangement allowed the decrease of image shift that is typical of optically compensated zoom lenses (Kingslake, 5). Unfortunately, with as many as twenty-two optical elements altogether, the Zoomar lens suffered from an inability to correct for the Petzval sum, a lens aberration which results in a severely curved image plane. As if to answer for this flaw, in 1949 the SOM-Berthiot â€Å"Pan-Cinor† lens was introduced (Kingslake, 5). Developed by R. H. R. Cuvillier, this was yet another optically compensated zoom lens; however, it differed from the Zoomar in that instead of using an all-positive lens system, the Pan-Cinor lens coupled a pair of positive components with a negative component in between them (Kingslake, 5). This simple addition of a negative component provided the necessary correction to lens aberration such as the Petzval sum, and ultimately made the Pan-Cinor lens far superior to the Zoomar lens (Clark, 9). Meanwhile, led by H. Hopkins, the mechanically compensated zoom lenses had their share of progress from 1945-1950 (Clark, 9). H. Hopkins was able to design a system that was basically symmetrical, with two negative middle units which mirrored one another’s movements and two identical, fixed positive outer units, this symmetry greatly aided in the correction of lens aberrations (Clark, 24). One of the most renowned advances in the field of optically compensated zoom lens was made in 1953 by L. Reymond (Clark, 9). By reversing the powers of the Pan-Cinor lens, he created a system comprised of two coupled negative elements moving with a positive stationary element between them; in addition, Reymond added another stationary positive element to the front of the unit, making it a four-lens optically compensated zoom unit. What this setup was able to achieve was a drastically reduced image plan oscillation as well as four points of correct focus throughout the zoom range instead of the traditional three points (Clark, 9). This was truly a breakthrough for optically compensated zoom lenses. For the mechanically compensated zoom lens, it had to wait until 1971 for its next breakthrough (Clark, 26). In response to the demands made for a zoom lens optimized with a wider angle of view and shorter working distance, G. H. Cook and F. R. Laurent introduced a three-zoom-element system. This lens was capable of covering the most frequently used focal lengths of the fixed-focus lenses in 35 mm cinematography, and produced comparable image quality to fixed-focus lenses (Clark, 27). This brings us to the end of a period in zoom lens development in which there is a clear-cut difference between one class of lens versus the other. Although many cinematographers may prefer the sharp focus of the mechanically compensated lens over the simplistic operation of the optically compensated lens, a merging of their best qualities was inevitable in pursuit of perfection (Clark, 28). As the complexity of zoom lens design increased with higher expectations for performance, manual design would no longer suffice. Soon, lens designers found the perfect solution: the computer. With the progression of zoom lens development into the 1970’s, computer optimization programs became a standard tool for lens designers (Kienholz, 1443). These programs increased the efficiency of lens design drastically, as observed when Kienholz re-designed a 1956 lens using the Grey program on a CDC 6600 computer in 1970. Post-optimization, it was shown that the final lens had 11. 8%, 4. 9% and 9. 7% reduction in lens distortion for the wide-angle, intermediate, and telephoto positions of the zoom lens (Kienholz, 1451). In addition, there were improvements in almost all parameters including lateral color and image quality throughout the zoom range. Computer optimization programs can also be seen to work in tandem with other technological advancements. In the early 1990’s, â€Å"aspherical lens† became hot research item due to its exceptional ability to correct aberrations that were commonly associated with conventional spherical lens (Betansky, 657). The use of aspherics would therefore provide ways to decrease the number of lens elements originally used for the purposes of aberration correction, making a zoom system more compact (Yatsu, Deguchi and Maruyama, 663). At the same time, the design of zoom lenses containing aspherical components became even more complicated due to an increased in design parameters. Here, computer optimization programs were used to analyze the parameters one by one and generate a proper design solution (Yatsu, Deguchi and Maruyama, 663). Today, computer programs have become so powerful that precise prediction of various aberrations is possible (Usui et al. , 389) These new simulation programs allow DP’s to give input as to what â€Å"look† they think the perfect zoom lens should produce while allowing researchers to translate their expectations into technical designs. We have truly arrived at a new era for the design of zoom lens, where lens designers, with help from DP’s, can create very practical technical masterpieces that convey artistic ideas from the director’s mind into the audience’s eyes. Now the a general history of the zoom lens has been provided, now we will be looking at how the zoom lens has been used in film productions. With its varifocal properties, the original purpose of a zoom lens was to allow cinematographers to use one lens only throughout the entire shooting process, thereby generating more efficiency. However, the ability of the lens to zoom during shots and the visual effects generated in such shots became much more valuable tools for creative directors. Film makers often choose to employ zoom lens due to its ability to relay a sense of realism to the audiences- by zooming in from a distance, it is possible to simulate the effect of watching someone or some act in secrecy. One example of a film that used this effect extensively is Steven Spielberg’s Munich (2005), which depicted the trauma that hits an Israeli assassin who was seeking revenge from the terrorists responsible from the 1972 Munich massacre. Spielberg and his DP not only used the zoom effect to depict a more realistic fitting sense of espionage, but they also wanted to make the film feel as if it were really taking place in the 70’s. This gave the setting of the film a more authentic feel to the audience. A similar usage of the zoom lens can be seen in Alan Rudolph’s Afterglow (1997). Being a film with a plot that revolves around adultery and emotions, Rudolph wanted to give his shots a voyeuristic feeling (A Luminous Afterglow). By combining long takes with well-choreographed zoom shots, Rudolph was able to guide the audience through performances developed during the course of a shot and allow them to â€Å"watch† the actors, exploring the scenes in ways they would never dare. Perhaps one of the most well-known zoom effects is the â€Å"dolly zoom†, or alternatively called the â€Å"Vertigo zoom†. This technique was pioneered by Alfred Hitchhock in his classic film Vertigo (1958). This effect basically stimulates the dizzying sensation of vertigo by zooming in one direction and dollying in another direction (Ashcer and Pincus, 98). In Vertigo, the main character John â€Å"Scottie† Ferguson develops a severe case of altophobia. The dolly zoom is used to show an altophobic reaction in Scottie’s point of view to show the audience what the character is experiencing due to his case of vertigo. Thus far, this same effect has been widely popularized in features from the Thriller or Horror genres, commonly used to express extreme emotions of the subjects (Valluri). Another example is a film again by Steven Spielberg. In Spielberg’s thriller film Jaws (1975), he was able to re-popularize the â€Å"Vertigo zoom† in a memorable shot of a dolly zoom into a character’s stunned reaction at the climax of a shark attack on a beach (after a suspenseful build-up). With the widespread application of zoom lenses in the film industry today, it is hard to imagine that even just thirty years ago, it was considered impossible to produce a zoom lens whose image quality is comparable to ones generated by fixed focus lenses (Clark, 2). Indeed, the application of zoom lens has always been essential and existent all-throughout the history of film and cinematography and it has been used it so many films that can help depict various elements such as character emotion and setting tones. Zoom lenses have come a long way in over a hundred years, and it is without a doubt that with the progression of cinematic technology, even more picture-perfect zoom lenses would be developed to fit the needs of the motion picture production communities. Works Cited Ascher, Steven, and Edward Pincus. The Filmmaker’s Handbook. New York: Plume, 1999 B, Benjamin. â€Å"The Price of Revenge. † American Cinematographer 87. 2 (2006) 1-3. 6 April 2010 http://www. theasc. com/magazine/feb06/munich/page1. html. Clark, A. D.. Zoom Lenses, Monographs in Applied Optics Vol. 7. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company Inc. , 1973. Fumiaki, Usui, Jun Osaya, Ken Ito, And Laurence Thorpe. â€Å"A New HD Cine Zoom Lens For Digital Motion Pictures. † SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal. Oct/Nov (2005): 383-395 Kienholz, D. F.. â€Å"The Design of a Zoom Lens with a Large Computer. † Applied Optics. 9(6)(1970): 1443-1452. Kingslake, Rudolf. â€Å"The Development of the Zoom Lens. † Journal of the SMPTE. 69(1960): 534-544.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

The Street Child Causes, Effects and Prevention

The Street Child Causes, Effects and Prevention Also Street children as defined by the UNICEF: is divided into children on the street and children of the streets. Children on the streets are the children whose have home to live in, but they have a full time work or a part time work. Children Of the streets are the children whose home ties have been seriously weakened and who essentially live in the street (UNICEF, 1993, p.22). Children of the streets are which lives all there time on the streets or in other words children with no shelter except for the street. Also, a street child is defined as any boy or girl for whom the street in the widest sense of the word has become his or her habitual abode and/or source of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, supervised, or directed by responsible adults( Lusk, 1989).according to Kopoka Children whose work on streets and take streets as a shelter, usually come from poor slums and squatter settlements where everything is precarious: Family financial situation, overcrowded schools and even safe place where they can run and play. Moreover, wars or armed conflicts cause the increasing of this problem where the children parents are killed and leave them alone with no shelter or place to live . On the other hand, there are children whose have guardians, but the guardians sent them to work to help the family, others are forced to work and live in streets. Even there are children from well to do families or middle class who run away from homes. The purpose of this essay is to show some of the causes and its effects considering street children problem, and analyse the solution to differentiate between good solution and bad solutions. Causes:- According to Lugalla and Mbwambo, 1995; there are lots of causes for this problem, some are natural and others are man-made. Children have lost contact with their parents or families, which results the loss of the children in the streets. Some children are the offspring of prostitutes. Some families reject their children if there are handicapped. Some respectable parent disowned their own child because he/she is an outcome of an affair. In those causes the background is not allows poor. Effects:- According to Harding, 2010; for every cause there is effect, and there are devastating effects on street children themselves and on the society they belong to. The children without education are without future, which means that they will not be able to defend their future and they will face lots of difficulties to have a better life. Moreover, being undernourished from such a very young age causes bad side effects on their health like malnutrition which effects there immune system and as a result shorter life expectancy. There are approximately 48 million young ones whose are not registered in their countrys archives, which represents around 47% of the child population around the world. 20 out of every 100 births in Latin America never registered. That mean that all of those 47% are not on paper which means they do not exist. This is a huge problem as those poor kids do not have identity, which exclude them from other right like the right to vote or the right to have a proper educati on or even low level education. Moreover, criminal gangs which really represent a huge disaster, as they use those unregistered children to do criminals and violence. Those children have no criteria to know what is right and what is wrong. They may expose themselves to very cruel situations like prostitution, sexual violations, drug consumption and other forms of modern slavery. According to stolenchildhood.net Street children in the third world, having no access to basic needs always become an easy prey of flesh traders. The demand of street children is high among the pimps and the brothel owners because these children sell themselves at cheap rates. These children are at high risk because they neither use contraceptives nor ask the clients to use them. Thus the chances of getting pregnant or catching a sexually transmitted disease is high. A finite circle is problem, because when children grows to be adults. They will be the best shape for crime; there will be evil walking on his feet. There will be individual illiterate adults with low moral beliefs, with damaged psychology. Those lovely poor children in the past will be the evil which will oppress other helpless and innocent children. All of this means that street children of today will be criminals of tomorrow. Analysis of Solutions:- Street children are a huge problem and any solution, even if it is not good, it will at least push forward to solve this problem. ESCWA has developed good solutions which are 1. to understand better the situation of street children through research in the following areas: 1.1 Quantitative data at national level to assess the magnitude of the problem. The statistics need to be disaggregated by sex and age. 1.2 Qualitative and quantitative research to examine the root causes that put girls and boys at risk, among them street children. This research will need to examine the link between poverty, inequality, exploitation, violence and exclusion. 1.3 Qualitative research to examine the everyday lives of the street girls and boys and the attitudes of society and the government towards them. 1.4 Policy level research examining the effectiveness of existing policies, planning and legislation and institutional arrangements and budgetary allocation targeting street children. 2. To shift the approach to street children from legalistic to preventive, protective and rehabilitative interventions, through a focus on: 2.1 Root causes and not only on symptoms 2.2 The economic and not only the social sector 2.3 Mainstreaming as well as specific institutions and actions for street children 2.4 The rights of street children as citizens and not as charity cases or delinquents 16 2.5 Street children not only as victims but also as citizens with the agency to participate in decisions which target them. 3. To enforce and monitor all international and national commitment to children 3.1 To review that all items of international conventions such as those pertaining to childrens rights and elimination of child labour are translated into legislation and other procedures. 3.2 To review that all enforcement procedures are in place and are implemented. 3.3 To strengthen all monitoring and reporting systems relating to relevant international conventions. 3.4 To review and further amend the Child Law 126/2008 by removing all clauses that undermine its effectiveness and to put in place all the necessary procedures and monitoring mechanisms. 3.5 To review and amend articles pertaining to corporal punishment in a way that prohibits all physical violence whether at home, school, work or any other institution. 4. To establish clear mandates and lines of institutional responsibility for street children 4.1 Strengthen cross-cutting entities 4.1.1 To strengthen the establishment of a unit or department in the new Ministry for Family and Population with a clear mandate for responsibility for street children. This entity would be a catalyst advocating, legislating and monitoring the situation of street children. 4.1.2 To review and strengthen the role of what was previously the NCCM Technical Consultative Committee. 4.1.3 To strengthen the Child Protection Committee according to the amended Child Law through appropriate budget allocation, establishment of clear guidelines and protocols and awareness raising and training for the committee members. 4.1.4 To establish surveillance system such as a childrens Ombudsman 4.2 Establish responsibility of line ministries 4.2.1 To strengthen the role of economic sector ministries in addressing poverty, such as the creation of jobs for poor women and men. 4.2.2 To strengthen the monitoring systems of the Ministry of Labour in the area of child labour. 4.2.3 To lift all exclusionary conditions from access to education such as the rising cost of education, forced private tuitions by teachers, mistreatment of poor children in schools, corporal punishment and gender discrimination. 4.2.4 To establish effective internal and external mechanisms and multispectral interventions to identify children at risk and design suitable and sustainable interventions to reduce and eventually eliminate the risk factors. 4.2.5 To formulate a new Social Protection Strategy with the full collaboration of all relevant state institutions and NGOs that focus on the rights of the 17 child, with a dedicated budget and clear roles and responsibilities for its implementation and monitoring. 5. To devise a comprehensive child protection system that addresses the issues of all categories of vulnerable girls and boys in all their diversity of age, class, religion as well as family and regional background 5.1 To devise a Social Protection policy for vulnerable girls and boys. 5.2 To devise a Social Protection strategy translated into crossà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ cutting and sectorial programmes and projects and procedures. 5.3 To create realistic budget lines for the implementation of the various components of the Social Protection system. 5.4 To create clear institutional responsibility for monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the strategy. 6. To devise a National Strategy, programmes and projects specifically for street children 6.1 To evaluate the implementation of the National Strategy for the Protection, Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Street Children of 2003, as well as all programmes and projects directly targeting street children. 6.2 To build on lessons learned and design a new Strategy in collaboration with key state institutions and NGOs. 6.3 To design innovative and participative programmes and projects that address the conditions and circumstances of children already living on the street taking into account that: 6.3.1 There is more chance of succeeding by helping children get off the streets through early intervention, before they establish their new street kid identity. 6.3.2 For those who have been a long time on the streets, it is possible to use participative methods and consult them in the design of the most effective activities. 6.4 To strengthen all programmes and projects that helps the reà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ integration of street children into mainstream society. 6.5 To put in place actions that address negative attitudes of both the general public and state employees towards street children. 6.6 To work directly with the police to address the way they perceive and treat street children 6.7 To solicit more resource allocation for items listed in recommendation 5 above from government and from bilateral and multilateral organisations. 7. To strengthen the advocacy role of civil society organisations working with street children 7.1 To strengthen CSOs ability to establish channels of communications with street children and to help make their voices heard. 7.2 To raise the capacity of CSOs working with street children in the area of advocacy and lobbying of policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ makers and politicians. 7.3 To support civil society networks and strengthens their roles as advocates of the rights and needs of street children. Conclusion:- At last the author believes that street children are a huge problem that has a lot of causes which can be minimized and a lot of effects that are considered a real threat to all means of life, it is waste of man power which harm economy, it threats security and of course it is totally against human right .

Friday, October 25, 2019

Kate Chopins The Awakening and Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay

Kate Chopin's work, The Awakening, and Henrik Ibsen's play, A Doll's House, were composed at a time when men dictated women in every part of life. They are both superior examples of literary works greatly ahead of their time. Each work exemplifies the strict social standards placed on women and how they destructively affected the women. They also demonstrate how the women were able to overcome over these social ethics and get towards a life of vaster fulfillment. The characters in The Awakening and A Doll's House were very similar. In addition, the trials that they faced were also very similar. Both of the female characters are confronted with the fact that they have an authoritarian for a husband, and create an exit scheme to leave them. For Nora this includes deserting her family and running away, while Edna makes the choice that Nora could not do and commits suicide. Nora and Edna also harbor a secret that ultimately leads to their choice to leave their families. In addition, bot h writings also seem to have similar themes. They both explore the idea of freedom and discovering one’s own identity. Furthermore, they show how a woman in late 1800s often had no freedom from what society anticipated of them. As an outcome, the only way they could find their own identity was by leaving these social standards inflicted by their family life. Ibsen and Chopin appear to purposely present their main characters in this way and use their gifts for writing to foretell a transformation in society that needs to and will eventually occur. There are many similarities between the two: each protagonist seems happy about their marriage in the beginning, controlled by their husband, has a secret, and eventually realizes they are someone. Edna Pon... ...vald, she tells him, â€Å"I don’t believe that any longer. I believe that before all else I am a reasonable human being, just as you are—or, at all events, that I must try and become one. I know quite well, Torvald, that most people would think you right, and that views of that kind are to be found in books; but I can no longer content myself with what most people say, or with what is found in books. I must think over things for myself and get to understand them.† (Ibsen 112) Therefore, in the end both Edna and Nora left in dramatic ways, one leaving a life and the other leaving a family. Bibliography Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll's House. Coradella Collegiate Books, 11 Oct. 2004. PDF. Chopin, Kate, McMichael, George L., J. S. Leonard, and Shelley Fisher. Fishkin. The Awakening. Anthology of American Literature. Tenth ed. Vol. II. Boston: Longman, 2011. 697-786. Print.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Childrens Ailments In South India Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionSuffering from minor complaints is the most frequent episode in childhood experiences. Fever is one of the main ailments every bit many as one tierce of all paediatric audiences in general practice.1 A survey indicated that parents still have a job to care the febrility in kids. Some parents believe that febrility is one of the diseases which may happen among their kids, instead than to be a mark or symptom of illness.2 In many states, the antipyretic medical specialty and other over the counter ( OTC ) medical specialties are normally used among parents to handle their children.3 Using ( OTC ) medical specialty among parents may be affected by their attitudes towards unwellnesss. However, it is deserving adverting that some old surveies show that parents ‘ cognition about febrility is still inaccurate. Most parents are confused about which medical specialty should be given to their kids to pull off the hurting and febrility associated with minor ailments.4 The common complaints of kids including concern, febrility, grippe, diarrhea and sore pharynx can be treated at place. Some minor complaints can be relieved with ( OTC ) medicines such as Paracetamol or other traditional redresss, without seeking for audience from general practicians or baby doctors. When a kid falls sick, the parents ‘ concerns are frequently influenced by their cognition of the complaints. Parents may acquire advice from the media, through household tradition, from friends and via other beginnings which affect their direction of the complaints. The construct of self-management in health care includes disease bar, selfdiagnosis, self-treatment and appropriate audience with wellness attention practicians. Within the context of kids ‘s complaints, the determination shaper will normally be the kid ‘s attention taker.5 A attention taker must be the parent or defender of the kid. In general, parents with higher degree of medical cognition are expected t o hold a better direction of kids ‘s complaints. This survey aimed to heighten the parents ‘ cognition about their kids ‘s unwellnesss and better their direction of handling their kids from minor complaints, in add-on to urge that wellness attention professionals should pass on with parents and do non project aside the latter ‘s beliefs about kids ‘s complaints.MethodThe survey design was cross-sectional survey. Data collected on a group of topics at one clip instead than over a period of clip. Parents were recruited to mensurate their medical cognition and direction degree to handle their kids ‘s complaints. This survey was conducted to place parents ‘ medical cognition on minor complaints refering their kids. The mark population of the survey was the ‘parents ‘ group regardless of age groups, ethnics, businesss, and societal position. The entire sample size of this study was 250 parents. Non-probability convenient trying method was used. Parents were recruited from the populace to reply our questionnaires. Harmonizing to the inclusion standards, the parents who were able to read and compose were included. Furthermore, parents who had child under 12 old ages old and agreed to take part in this study were included. The questionnaire was designed to measure the parents ‘ cognition about OTC medical specialties which are normally used to handle the minor complaints. In add-on, to research how the parents are normally manage the minor complaints. Most inquiries came from the old surveies related to parents ‘ self-medication and parents ‘ cognition about medical specialties. The face and content cogency were performed with wellness attention professionals before carry oning the study. SELF-administered questionnaire was used to roll up the information from the parents. Written informed consent signifier was obtained from the parents who were agreed to take part in the study. Parents were required to reply and finish the questionnaire on the topographic point. The questionnaire was designed to dwell of 3 parts. Part 1 was the demographic information of the parents, and Part 2 for look intoing the degree of medical cognition of parents about OTC medicines, whilst Part 3 was on the p arents ‘ ways of managing their kids ‘s unwellnesss. Data analysis had been done by the assistance of statistical package, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) Version 15.0. Frequencies of demographic information of respondents were tabulated. In order to mensurate the degree of medical cognition of parents and the direction of kids complaints, the mark of each respondent for portion 2 and portion 3 of the questionnaire was counted and analyzed. To cipher the entire Markss of different respondents, we used the marking method for different replies and actions.ConsequenceOut of the 250 distributed questionnaires, 240 ( 96 % ) questionnaires were successfully collected. Table No. 1 presents the demographic information of 240 participants. Who had filled in the questionnaires to happen if this factor may act upon the parents ‘ cognition about medical specialties and this factor can be utilized as evidence-based information in the hereafter. There were 104 male and 136 female respondents take parting in the study. The bulk of our respondents were 31-40 old ages old and 41-50 old ages old. Table No. 2 showed the general cognition among parents sing the OTC medical specialties. Most of parents were n't familiar with the name of medical specialties particularly in instances of diarrhoea and cough hence, the parents who would cognize and acknowledge the medical specialties for these instances were ticked â€Å" yes † and for those parents who would n't cognize and acknowledge the medical specialties were ticked â€Å" no † . Most of the parents were knowing plenty about the sorts of medical specialty that should be given to their kids during febrility, when they have cold and when they suffer from cough. To add, 194 parents know the medical specialty for concern for their kids but 46 parents do non hold that cognition. It is besides a newly-found fact that the medical specialty for diarrhoea is merely known by 41.6 % of parents, the lowest per centum gathered in the list. Parents ‘ beliefs about the signifier of medical specialty that works better for their kids. Table No. 3 showed the Parents ‘ cognition about over the counter medical specialties medical specialties to their kids. Besides, the age of parents, all inquiries was about medical specialties in general which are normally used to handle the minor complaints at place. There was a big per centum of respondents who hold the rule that medical specialty is of import for their kids. In add-on, 31 % of parents think that medical specialty can non make injury for their kids. The older parents and those with higher instruction degree and high monthly income were more knowing. Sing the side effects of medical specialties, merely 40.8 % parents know about the side effects of their kids ‘s medical specialties. Table No. 4 shows that 59.2 % of respondents agreed that the fiscal position may impact the determination of seeking medical aid for their kids. Furthermore, parents with the high instruction degree and the monthly income showed statistically important ( p=0.004 ) and ( p=0.001 ) . In add-on, 106 of respondents agreed to give addendums such as multi vitamin to their kids. Table No. 5 nowadayss that most of respondents were with moderate cognition degree and moderate direction degree. There was important association between the cognition degrees and besides the degrees of directionDiscussionThis survey has highlighted the parents ‘ medical cognition on unwellnesss of their kids every bit good as their methods of pull offing their kids ‘s complaints. A quantitative attack was used to bring forth statistically representative consequences. In our survey, showed there was no difference between the gender and their cognition about medical specialties. Most of the respondents ag ree that medical specialty is of import for their kids. They know which medical specialties should be given to their kids when they are holding febrility, cough, grippe or concern. This is likely due to the fact that these are truly the sorts of complaints which parents frequently encounter. For diarrhoea, however, merely 41.6 % of parents are cognizant of its medical specialty. This is because diarrhoea is non common among kids as the parents may be given to be excessively sensitive of their kids ‘s hygiene6. Most of the parents believe that injection and sirup work better for kids. This is because medical specialties in the injection signifier works faster than others as it straight inserts medical specialty into the blood stream. For medical specialty in syrup signifier, it works better for kids because of parents consideration that sirup can be easy swallowed by children7, and this automatically sheds visible radiation on the fact that medical specialty in Tablets or capsu les is harder to swallow.8,9 Although most of the parents think that medical specialty can be harmful, non all of them were cognizant of possible side effects of their kids ‘s medical specialty. This is because parents tend to confront troubles in obtaining information about medical specialty taken by their kids. Parents besides referred they used medical specialties information cusps as a beginning of information.10 There was a strong desire to portion duty for appraisal of their ill kid with a professional, but parents are frequently disquieted or tend to experience guilty that they might be trouble oneselfing the physician unnecessarily. Parents choose non prescribed medical specialties or ( OTC ) medical specialty to handle their kids. This is likely because they can merely give ( OTC ) because of parents consideration that sirup can be easy swallowed by kids and this automatically sheds visible radiation on the fact that medical specialty in Tablets or capsules is harder to swallow.8,9 medical special ty to their kids. Despite the deficiency of grounds for the effectivity of many ( OTC ) medications11-13 and the possible hazards associated with their improper usage among immature children,14,15 they remain widely used.16 Based on our survey, there was a important difference between the cognition degrees and besides the degree of the parents ‘ direction when be givening to their sick kids. Parents with higher cognition of kids ‘s complaints have better direction, or ‘solutions ‘ to the complaints. Their cognition and information of the kids ‘s complaints may be obtained from physicians, paediatricss, druggists, friends, books, magazines, newspaper or the internet.17 The information sought by parents may decrease the ignorance and feelings of powerlessness from the parents ‘ experience, heighten their sense of control, and modify their perceptual experiences of menace posed by an unwellness. Parents normally seek more than simple advice about pull offing the common symptoms. Information should be developed harmonizing to parents ‘ perceived demands and incorporate parents ‘ accomplishments and experiences.18 Since the degree of parents ‘ cognition influences the wellness attention picks and determinations made for their kids, utile information of kids unwellnesss should be given to parents by general practicians or wellness attention professionals. Education and advice must besides be recognized and parents ‘ normally held beliefs about viruses, self restricting unwellness, and antibiotics and their cardinal concerns about febrility, cough, and other unwellnesss should besides be addressed. Professionals could make more to authorise parents and it seems to be a good instance for aiming parents who have peculiar troubles in pull offing ill children.19DecisionThis survey shows that parents frequently have unequal cognition and misconception for hand ling their kids. From this survey, we found that parents with better and higher medical cognition have better agencies of pull offing their kids ‘s complaints when they deal with OTC medical specialties. The consequences of this survey have successfully rejected the statement that there is no correlativity between parents ‘ degree of medical cognition and the direction of kids ‘s complaints. However, by comparing the agencies of informations collected, the male parents have somewhat better medical cognition than the female parents but the female parents have somewhat better direction in their kids ‘s complaint as compared to the male parents. This survey has merely been placed in the larger social-cultural context as an illustration of the possible influence of it on wellness behaviour and the medical specialty usage. It is hoped that by placing weak countries in parents ‘knowledge, better planned educational and behavioural alteration attempts can be m ade to promote the cognition degree among the parents when it comes to pull offing or managing the complaints. One means would be the parental educational intercessions, which guarantee that kids will have the best quality of attention.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Russian Accounting Standards Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Russian Accounting Standards Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Russian Accounting Standards The previous Russian accounting standards are still being used and creating much turmoil today. Financial statements are inaccurate turning profits into losses and changing losses into earnings (vice versa). One issue covered in the article was the strict enforcement of laws. The soviet central planners don't give accountants enough freedom for them to think for themselves. Instead of allowing accountants to set depreciation rates according to real wear and tear the state publishes a book dictating the life span of everything from wooden chairs to tools. Another issue covered in the article was the banking problems in the Russian nation. Russian banks keep obsolete equipment on their books for a long period. The Central Bank is attempting to change this and is pressuring the banks to disclose the true state of their finances. The two issues discussed in the article give the idea of a big cultural characteristic of the Russian nation. The use and understanding of Hofstede's chart was a useful resource when reading the article. The use of statutory control was clearly evident. As well as the use of secrecy for their financial statements and banking system was easily understood.